Thursday, April 26, 2018

Detection urine adulteration and their parameters to be tested

Detection urine adulteration and their parameters to be tested


Introduction:
Urine drug testing plays an important role in monitoring licit and illicit drug use for both medico-legal and clinical purposes. One of the major challenges of urine drug testing is adulteration, a practice involving manipulation of a urine specimen with chemical adulterants to produce a false negative test result urine. The use of urine adulterants can cause false negative results in drug tests by either interfering with the screening test and/or destroying the drugs present in the urine.


PARAMETERS TESTED:


Creatinine is a waste product of creatine; an amino acid contained in muscle tissue and found in urine. A person may attempt to foil a drug test by drinking excessive amounts of water or diuretics such as herbal teas to "flush" the system. Creatinine and specific gravity are two ways to check for dilution and flushing, which are the most common mechanisms used in an attempt to circumvent drug testing. Low creatinine and specific gravity levels may indicate diluted urine. The absence of creatinine (<5mg/dl) is indicative of a specimen not consistent with human urine.


Specific gravity tests for sample dilution. The normal range for specific gravity is from 1.003 to 1.030. Values outside this range generally indicate specimen dilution or adulteration.


Nitrite tests for commonly used commercial adulterants such as "Klear" or "Whizzies". They work by oxidizing the major cannabinoid (marijuana) metabolite THC COOH�. Normal urine should contain no trace of nitrites. Positive results generally indicate the presence of an adulterant


Glutaraldehyde tests for the presence of an aldehyde. Adulterants such as "UrinAid" and "Clear Choice" contain glutaraldehyde which may cause false negative screening results by disrupting the enzyme used in some immunoassay tests. Glutaraldehyde is not normally found in human urine; therefore, detection of glutaraldehyde in a urine specimen is generally an indicator of presence of adulteration.


pH tests for the presence of acidic or alkaline adulterants in urine. Normal pH levels should be in the range of 4.0 to 9.0. Values outside of this range may indicate the sample has been altered.


Oxidants/PCC (Pyridinium Chlorochromate) tests for the presence of oxidizing agents such as bleach and hydrogen peroxide. Pyridinium chlorochromate (sold under the brand name "UrineLuck") is a commonly used adulterant. Normal human urine should not contain oxidants or PCC.


TEST PROCEDURE:-
urine adulteration test is based on the color derived from the chemical reaction between the chemical reagent on each test pad and the urine sample. A color chart(shown above) indicating abnormal and normal test result color values for each of the six parameters tested is printed on the test container. One test strip is dipped in the urine sample for 1-2 seconds immersing all reagent test pads. The strip is then blotted on its side to remove excess sample. After one (1) minute the colors of the six reagent pads are visually compared to the color chart and results obtained for each of the six test parameters. An abnormal result for any of the six parameters suggests the sample has been manipulated, altered or otherwise contaminated and a new sample should be obtained for further testing.


Read more  then visit at:


121 Canterfield Road
Chapin, SC 29036
Phone: (803) 932-0818


Thursday, April 19, 2018

Very well done. Absolutely brilliant information. I'm in love with this blog. they always provide such a great information. <a href="http://trafficrus.co.nz/">Traffic Management Plans</a>


Wednesday, April 18, 2018

Six Steps When Choosing an Active Adult Community

Diving into retirement or semi-retirement could be a troublesome one without choosing to move to another home in the meantime. In any case, numerous individuals more than 55 are picking to leave their huge family or high support home to move to dynamic grown-up groups. Active Adult Communities PA


Albeit dynamic grown-up groups are intended to help dynamic way of life, there are numerous deviations starting with one group then onto the next. Some grown-up groups are resort-style, sprawling and others give a more cozy neighborhood. Each people group has its own draw, in any case in the event that it is a dynamic tennis office, a title green or a comfortable clubhouse with different social clubs.


When searching for a dynamic grown-up group, here are a few stages to bring the way.


1. The principal activity is to pick a retirement area. Think about the atmosphere, closeness to family and companions, comforts and the territory around the group. A few groups are set in rural areas, residential communities, or close to urban focuses. Others are situated close mountains, deserts, shorelines or northern towns.


2. Take into need your needs and needs. Look at a few dynamic grown-up groups to decide the pleasantries they bring to the table and make your own rundown of significance. Consider the coveted highlights in the encompassing territories also, similar to nearness to therapeutic focuses and airplane terminals.


3. There are numerous dynamic grown-up groups to fit any financial plan. When you intend to move, consider the cost of the home as well as group expenses too. While most conveniences are incorporated into the essential property holder expenses, some may require extra enrollment charges for tennis or golf classes and different exercises. 55+ Communities in Chester County PA


4. Make a rundown of your most loved groups by perusing through the web. Make a note on what you like most about every one of them and amend your rundown as you seek, expelling or including until the point that you have a couple of decisions left.


5. Make it a point to visit your imminent groups. Make inquiries while you are going to, most particularly with respect to group standards and directions.


6. Look at the encompassing regions also. While you should observe shopping, feasting and recreational exercises, you ought to likewise think about your every day needs. Search for the closest banks, basic needs and drug stores and make a point to locate the nearest healing facility and therapeutic offices. Driving through the area outside the zone could likewise give you a thought regarding the place by and large.


Purchasers in a dynamic grown-up group need to decide when a home will be prepared for inhabitance since a few improvements can take months or even a year to end up prepared. Moreover, if arranged conveniences like wellness focuses, clubhouses or fairway are important, it is shrewd to ensure that these will be finished as quickly as time permits.


There are a few groups that give these enhancements simply after most homes are finished, which implies a long sit tight for the main arrangement of occupants.


Hershey's Mill
1500 Greenhill Road, West Chester, PA 19380, United States
(610) 436-8900